Indeed, migrants from Phoenicia settled Tunisia during the 12th to the 2nd century BC, founded ancient Carthage and progressively mixed with the local population. However, the languages progressively lost their function as main languages of Tunisia since the 12th century BC, and their usage became restricted mainly to the western regions of the country until their disappearance or evolution into other languages. See also: History of early Tunisia, History of Carthage, History of Roman-era Tunisia, and Roman Africansĭuring classical antiquity, Tunisia's population spoke Berber languages related to the Numidian language. However, it is slightly intelligible or even not intelligible with Egyptian, Levantine, Mesopotamian, or Gulf Arabic. Īs a part of the Arabic dialect continuum, it is reported that Tunisian Arabic is partly mutually intelligible with Algerian Arabic, Libyan Arabic, Moroccan, and Maltese. It has a considerable number of pre-hilalian dialects but is usually considered in its koiné form to be a mostly Hilalian variety of Maghrebi Arabic because it was affected by the immigration of Banu Hilal in the 11th century, as were the other Maghrebi varieties. It is a variety of Maghrebi Arabic like Moroccan and Algerian Arabic, which are mostly unintelligible to Modern Standard or Mashriqi Arabic speakers. Tunisian Arabic is one of the Arabic languages within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family. 8.6 Syllables and pronunciation simplification.
7.4 Pattern and root-based creation of new words.6.2.1 Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft Umschrift.2.1.1 Linguistic situation of Ancient Tunisia.Maltese and Tunisian Arabic have about 30 to 40 per cent spoken mutual intelligibility. Moreover, Tunisian Arabic is closely related to Maltese, which is a separate language that descended from Tunisian and Siculo-Arabic. However, code-switching between Tunisian Arabic and modern standard Arabic is mainly done by more educated and upper-class people and has not negatively affected the use of more recent French and English loanwords in Tunisian. Within some circles, Tunisian Arabic has thereby integrated new French and English words, notably in technical fields, or replaced old French and Italian loans with standard Arabic words. Multilingualism within Tunisia and in the Tunisian diaspora makes it common for Tunisians to code-switch, mixing Tunisian with French, English, Standard Arabic or other languages in daily speech. Tunisian Arabic is mostly intelligible to speakers of other Maghrebi dialects but is hard to understand or is unintelligible for speakers of Middle Eastern Arabic. However, Tunisian has also many loanwords from French, Turkish, Italian and the languages of Spain. Like other Maghrebi dialects, it has a vocabulary that is mostly Arabic with a significant Berber, Latin and possibly Neo-Punic substratum. Tunisian Arabic's morphology, syntax, pronunciation, and vocabulary are considerably different from Modern Standard Arabic or Classical Arabic. Tunisian Arabic is mostly similar to eastern Algerian Arabic and western Libyan Arabic.Īs part of a dialect continuum, Tunisian merges into Algerian Arabic and Libyan Arabic at the borders of the country. It is known among its over 11 million speakers as: تونسي, romanized: Tounsi ( listen), "Tunisian" or Derja "everyday language" to distinguish it from Modern Standard Arabic, the official language of Tunisia. Tunisian Arabic, or simply Tunisian, is a set of dialects of Maghrebi Arabic spoken in Tunisia.
As a variety of Maghrebi Arabic on (Not ratified due to several Constitutional Matters):
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